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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | CONCEPTS | COMMANDS | TYPES | DIAGNOSTICS | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
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xfs_db(8) System Manager's Manual xfs_db(8)
xfs_db - debug an XFS filesystem
xfs_db [ -c cmd ] ... [ -i|r|x|F ] [ -f ] [ -l logdev ] [ -p
progname ] device
xfs_db -V
xfs_db is used to examine an XFS filesystem. Under rare
circumstances it can also be used to modify an XFS filesystem,
but that task is normally left to xfs_repair(8) or to scripts
such as xfs_admin(8) that run xfs_db.
-c cmd xfs_db commands may be run interactively (the default) or
as arguments on the command line. Multiple -c arguments
may be given. The commands are run in the sequence given,
then the program exits.
-f Specifies that the filesystem image to be processed is
stored in a regular file at device (see the mkfs.xfs(8) -d
file option). This might happen if an image copy of a
filesystem has been made into an ordinary file with
xfs_copy(8).
-F Specifies that we want to continue even if the superblock
magic is not correct. For use in xfs_metadump.
-i Allows execution on a mounted filesystem, provided it is
mounted read-only. Useful for shell scripts which must
only operate on filesystems in a guaranteed consistent
state (either unmounted or mounted read-only). These
semantics are slightly different to that of the -r option.
-l logdev
Specifies the device where the filesystems external log
resides. Only for those filesystems which use an external
log. See the mkfs.xfs(8) -l option, and refer to xfs(5)
for a detailed description of the XFS log.
-p progname
Set the program name to progname for prompts and some
error messages, the default value is xfs_db.
-r Open device or filename read-only. This option is required
if the filesystem is mounted. It is only necessary to
omit this flag if a command that changes data (write,
blocktrash, crc) is to be used.
-x Specifies expert mode. This enables the (write,
blocktrash, crc invalidate/revalidate) commands.
-V Prints the version number and exits.
xfs_db commands can be broken up into two classes. Most commands
are for the navigation and display of data structures in the
filesystem. Other commands are for scanning the filesystem in
some way.
Commands which are used to navigate the filesystem structure take
arguments which reflect the names of filesystem structure fields.
There can be multiple field names separated by dots when the
underlying structures are nested, as in C. The field names can
be indexed (as an array index) if the underlying field is an
array. The array indices can be specified as a range, two
numbers separated by a dash.
xfs_db maintains a current address in the filesystem. The
granularity of the address is a filesystem structure. This can
be a filesystem block, an inode or quota (smaller than a
filesystem block), or a directory block (could be larger than a
filesystem block). There are a variety of commands to set the
current address. Associated with the current address is the
current data type, which is the structural type of this data.
Commands which follow the structure of the filesystem always set
the type as well as the address. Commands which examine pieces
of an individual file (inode) need the current inode to be set,
this is done with the inode command.
The current address/type information is actually maintained in a
stack that can be explicitly manipulated with the push, pop, and
stack commands. This allows for easy examination of a nested
filesystem structure. Also, the last several locations visited
are stored in a ring buffer which can be manipulated with the
forward, back, and ring commands.
XFS filesystems are divided into a small number of allocation
groups. xfs_db maintains a notion of the current allocation
group which is manipulated by some commands. The initial
allocation group is 0.
Many commands have extensive online help. Use the help command
for more details on any command.
a See the addr command.
ablock filoff
Set current address to the offset filoff (a filesystem
block number) in the attribute area of the current inode.
addr [field-expression]
Set current address to the value of the field-expression.
This is used to "follow" a reference in one structure to
the object being referred to. If no argument is given, the
current address is printed.
agf [agno]
Set current address to the AGF block for allocation group
agno. If no argument is given, use the current allocation
group.
agfl [agno]
Set current address to the AGFL block for allocation group
agno. If no argument is given, use the current allocation
group.
agi [agno]
Set current address to the AGI block for allocation group
agno. If no argument is given, use the current allocation
group.
agresv [agno]
Displays the length, free block count, per-AG reservation
size, and per-AG reservation usage for a given AG. If no
argument is given, display information for all AGs.
attr_remove [-r|-u|-s] [-n] name
Remove the specified extended attribute from the current
file.
-r Sets the attribute in the root namespace. Only one
namespace option can be specified.
-u Sets the attribute in the user namespace. Only one
namespace option can be specified.
-s Sets the attribute in the secure namespace. Only
one namespace option can be specified.
-n Do not enable 'noattr2' mode on V4 filesystems.
attr_set [-r|-u|-s] [-n] [-R|-C] [-v namelen] name
Sets an extended attribute on the current file with the
given name.
-r Sets the attribute in the root namespace. Only one
namespace option can be specified.
-u Sets the attribute in the user namespace. Only one
namespace option can be specified.
-s Sets the attribute in the secure namespace. Only
one namespace option can be specified.
-n Do not enable 'noattr2' mode on V4 filesystems.
-R Replace the attribute. The command will fail if
the attribute does not already exist.
-C Create the attribute. The command will fail if the
attribute already exists.
-v Set the attribute value to a string of this length
containing the letter 'v'.
b See the back command.
back Move to the previous location in the position ring.
blockfree
Free block usage information collected by the last
execution of the blockget command. This must be done
before another blockget command can be given, presumably
with different arguments than the previous one.
blockget [-npvs] [-b bno] ... [-i ino] ...
Get block usage and check filesystem consistency. The
information is saved for use by a subsequent blockuse,
ncheck, or blocktrash command.
-b is used to specify filesystem block numbers about
which verbose information should be printed.
-i is used to specify inode numbers about which
verbose information should be printed.
-n is used to save pathnames for inodes visited, this
is used to support the xfs_ncheck(8) command. It
also means that pathnames will be printed for
inodes that have problems. This option uses a lot
of memory so is not enabled by default.
-p causes error messages to be prefixed with the
filesystem name being processed. This is useful if
several copies of xfs_db are run in parallel.
-s restricts output to severe errors only. This is
useful if the output is too long otherwise.
-v enables verbose output. Messages will be printed
for every block and inode processed.
blocktrash [-z] [-o offset] [-n count] [-x min] [-y max] [-s
seed] [-0|1|2|3] [-t type] ...
Trash randomly selected filesystem metadata blocks.
Trashing occurs to randomly selected bits in the chosen
blocks. This command is available only in debugging
versions of xfs_db. It is useful for testing
xfs_repair(8).
-0 | -1 | -2 | -3
These are used to set the operating mode for
blocktrash. Only one can be used: -0 changed bits
are cleared; -1 changed bits are set; -2 changed
bits are inverted; -3 changed bits are randomized.
-n supplies the count of block-trashings to perform
(default 1).
-o supplies the bit offset at which to start trashing
the block. If the value is preceded by a '+', the
trashing will start at a randomly chosen offset
that is larger than the value supplied. The
default is to randomly choose an offset anywhere in
the block.
-s supplies a seed to the random processing.
-t gives a type of blocks to be selected for trashing.
Multiple -t options may be given. If no -t options
are given then all metadata types can be trashed.
-x sets the minimum size of bit range to be trashed.
The default value is 1.
-y sets the maximum size of bit range to be trashed.
The default value is 1024.
-z trashes the block at the top of the stack. It is
not necessary to run blockget if this option is
supplied.
blockuse [-n] [-c count]
Print usage for current filesystem block(s). For each
block, the type and (if any) inode are printed.
-c specifies a count of blocks to process. The default
value is 1 (the current block only).
-n specifies that file names should be printed. The
prior blockget command must have also specified the
-n option.
bmap [-a] [-d] [block [len]]
Show the block map for the current inode. The map display
can be restricted to an area of the file with the block
and len arguments. If block is given and len is omitted
then 1 is assumed for len.
The -a and -d options are used to select the attribute or
data area of the inode, if neither option is given then
both areas are shown.
bmapinflate [-d dirty_bytes] [-e] [-n nr]
Duplicates the first data fork mapping this many times, as
if the mapping had been repeatedly reflinked. This is an
expert-mode command for exercising high-refcount
filesystems only. Existing data fork mappings will be
forgotten and the refcount btree will not be updated.
This command leaves at least the refcount btree and the
inode inconsistent; xfs_repair must be run afterwards.
-d Constrain the memory consumption of new dirty btree
blocks to this quantity. Defaults to 60MiB.
-e Estimate the number of blocks and height of the new
data fork mapping structure and exit without
changing anything.
-n Create this many copies of the first mapping.
btdump [-a] [-i]
If the cursor points to a btree node, dump the btree from
that block downward. If instead the cursor points to an
inode, dump the data fork block mapping btree if there is
one. If the cursor points to a directory or extended
attribute btree node, dump that. By default, only records
stored in the btree are dumped.
-a If the cursor points at an inode, dump the extended
attribute block mapping btree, if present.
-i Dump all keys and pointers in intermediate btree
nodes, and all records in leaf btree nodes.
btheight [-b blksz] [-n recs] [-w max|min|absmax] btree types...
For a given number of btree records and a btree type,
report the number of records and blocks for each level of
the btree, and the total number of blocks. The btree type
must be given after the options.
A raw btree geometry can be provided in the format
"record_bytes:key_bytes:ptr_bytes:header_type", where
header_type is one of "short", "long", "shortcrc", or
"longcrc".
The supported btree types are: bnobt, cntbt, inobt,
finobt, bmapbt, refcountbt, and rmapbt. The magic value
all can be used to walk through all btree types.
Options are as follows:
-b is used to override the btree block size. The
default is the filesystem block size.
-n is used to specify the number of records to store.
This argument is required.
-w absmax
shows the maximum possible height for the given
btree types.
-w max
shows only the best case scenario, which is when
the btree blocks are maximally loaded.
-w min
shows only the worst case scenario, which is when
the btree blocks are half full.
check See the blockget command.
convert type number [type number] ... type
Convert from one address form to another. The known
types, with alternate names, are:
agblock or agbno (filesystem block within an allocation
group)
agino or aginode (inode number within an allocation
group)
agnumber or agno (allocation group number)
bboff or daddroff (byte offset in a daddr)
blkoff or fsboff or agboff (byte offset in a agblock or
fsblock)
byte or fsbyte (byte address in filesystem)
daddr or bb (disk address, 512-byte blocks)
fsblock or fsb or fsbno (filesystem block, see the
fsblock command)
ino or inode (inode number)
inoidx or offset (index of inode in filesystem block)
inooff or inodeoff (byte offset in inode)
Only conversions that "make sense" are allowed. The
compound form (with more than three arguments) is useful
for conversions such as convert agno ag agbno agb fsblock.
crc [-i|-r|-v]
Invalidates, revalidates, or validates the CRC (checksum)
field of the current structure, if it has one. This
command is available only on CRC-enabled filesystems.
With no argument, validation is performed. Each command
will display the resulting CRC value and state.
-i Invalidate the structure's CRC value (incrementing
it by one), and write it to disk.
-r Recalculate the current structure's correct CRC
value, and write it to disk.
-v Validate and display the current value and state of
the structure's CRC.
daddr [d]
Set current address to the daddr (512 byte block) given by
d. If no value for d is given, the current address is
printed, expressed as a daddr. The type is set to data
(uninterpreted).
dblock filoff
Set current address to the offset filoff (a filesystem
block number) in the data area of the current inode.
debug [flagbits]
Set debug option bits. These are used for debugging
xfs_db. If no value is given for flagbits, print the
current debug option bits. These are for the use of the
implementor.
dquot [-g|-p|-u] id
Set current address to a group, project or user quota
block for the given ID. Defaults to user quota.
dump_iunlinked [-a agno ] [-b bucket ] [-q] [-v]
Dump the contents of unlinked buckets.
Options include:
-a Print only this AG's unlinked buckets.
-b Print only this bucket within each AGI.
-q Only print the essentials.
-v Print resource usage of each file on the unlinked
lists.
echo [arg] ...
Echo the arguments to the output.
f See the forward command.
forward
Move forward to the next entry in the position ring.
frag [-adflqRrv]
Get file fragmentation data. This prints information about
fragmentation of file data in the filesystem (as opposed
to fragmentation of freespace, for which see the freesp
command). Every file in the filesystem is examined to see
how far from ideal its extent mappings are. A summary is
printed giving the totals.
-v sets verbosity, every inode has information printed
for it. The remaining options select which inodes
and extents are examined. If no options are given
then all are assumed set, otherwise just those
given are enabled.
-a enables processing of attribute data.
-d enables processing of directory data.
-f enables processing of regular file data.
-l enables processing of symbolic link data.
-q enables processing of quota file data.
-R enables processing of realtime control file data.
-r enables processing of realtime file data.
freesp [-bcds] [-A alignment] [-a ag] ... [-e i] [-h h1] ... [-m
m]
Summarize free space for the filesystem. The free blocks
are examined and totalled, and displayed in the form of a
histogram, with a count of extents in each range of free
extent sizes.
-A reports only free extents with starting blocks
aligned to alignment blocks.
-a adds ag to the list of allocation groups to be
processed. If no -a options are given then all
allocation groups are processed.
-b specifies that the histogram buckets are binary-
sized, with the starting sizes being the powers of
2.
-c specifies that freesp will search the by-size (cnt)
space Btree instead of the default by-block (bno)
space Btree.
-d specifies that every free extent will be displayed.
-e specifies that the histogram buckets are equal-
sized, with the size specified as i.
-h specifies a starting block number for a histogram
bucket as h1. Multiple -h's are given to specify
the complete set of buckets.
-m specifies that the histogram starting block numbers
are powers of m. This is the general case of -b.
-s specifies that a final summary of total free
extents, free blocks, and the average free extent
size is printed.
fsb See the fsblock command.
fsblock [fsb]
Set current address to the fsblock value given by fsb. If
no value for fsb is given the current address is printed,
expressed as an fsb. The type is set to data
(uninterpreted). XFS filesystem block numbers are computed
((agno << agshift) | agblock) where agshift depends on the
size of an allocation group. Use the convert command to
convert to and from this form. Block numbers given for
file blocks (for instance from the bmap command) are in
this form.
fsmap [ start ] [ end ]
Prints the mapping of disk blocks used by an XFS
filesystem. The map lists each extent used by files,
allocation group metadata, journalling logs, and static
filesystem metadata, as well as any regions that are
unused. All blocks, offsets, and lengths are specified in
units of 512-byte blocks, no matter what the filesystem's
block size is. The optional start and end arguments can
be used to constrain the output to a particular range of
disk blocks.
fuzz [-c] [-d] field action
Write garbage into a specific structure field on disk.
Expert mode must be enabled to use this command. The
operation happens immediately; there is no buffering.
The fuzz command can take the following actions against a
field:
zeroes
Clears all bits in the field.
ones
Sets all bits in the field.
firstbit
Flips the first bit in the field. For a scalar
value, this is the highest bit.
middlebit
Flips the middle bit in the field.
lastbit
Flips the last bit in the field. For a scalar
value, this is the lowest bit.
add Adds a small value to a scalar field.
sub Subtracts a small value from a scalar field.
random
Randomizes the contents of the field.
The following switches affect the write behavior:
-c Skip write verifiers and CRC recalculation; allows
invalid data to be written to disk.
-d Skip write verifiers but perform CRC recalculation;
allows invalid data to be written to disk to test
detection of invalid data.
hash[-d]"strings
Prints the hash value of string using the hash function of
the XFS directory and attribute implementation.
If the -d option is specified, the directory-specific hash
function is used. This only makes a difference on
filesystems with ascii case-insensitive lookups enabled.
hashcoll [-a] [-s seed] [-n nr] [-p path] -i | names...
Create directory entries or extended attributes names that
all have the same hash value. The metadump name
obfuscation algorithm is used here. Names are written to
standard output, with a NULL between each name for use
with xargs -0.
-a Create extended attribute names.
-i Read the first name to create from standard input.
Up to 255 bytes are read. If this option is not
specified, first names are taken from the command
line.
-n nr
Create this many duplicated names. The default is
to create one name.
-p path
Create directory entries or extended attributes in
this file instead of writing the names to standard
output.
-s seed
Seed the random number generator with this value.
help [command]
Print help for one or all commands.
info Displays selected geometry information about the
filesystem. The output will have the same format that
mkfs.xfs(8) prints when creating a filesystem or
xfs_info(8) prints when querying a filesystem.
inode [inode#]
Set the current inode number. If no inode# is given, print
the current inode number.
iunlink [-n nr ]
Allocate inodes and put them on the unlinked list.
Options include:
-n Create this number of unlinked inodes. If not
specified, 1 inode will be created.
label [label]
Set the filesystem label. The filesystem label can be used
by mount(8) instead of using a device special file. The
maximum length of an XFS label is 12 characters - use of a
longer label will result in truncation and a warning will
be issued. If no label is given, the current filesystem
label is printed.
log [stop | start filename]
Start logging output to filename, stop logging, or print
the current logging status.
logformat [-c cycle] [-s sunit]
Reformats the log to the specified log cycle and log
stripe unit. This has the effect of clearing the log
destructively. If the log cycle is not specified, the log
is reformatted to the current cycle. If the log stripe
unit is not specified, the stripe unit from the filesystem
superblock is used.
logres Print transaction reservation size information for each
transaction type. This makes it easier to find
discrepancies in the reservation calculations between
xfsprogs and the kernel, which will help when diagnosing
minimum log size calculation errors.
ls [-i] [paths]...
List the contents of a directory. If a path resolves to a
directory, the directory will be listed. If no paths are
supplied and the IO cursor points at a directory inode,
the contents of that directory will be listed.
The output format is: directory cookie, inode number, file
type, hash, name length, name.
-i Resolve each of the given paths to an inode number
and print that number. If no paths are given and
the IO cursor points to an inode, print the inode
number.
metadump [-egow] filename
Dumps metadata to a file. See xfs_metadump(8) for more
information.
ncheck [-s] [-i ino] ...
Print name-inode pairs. A blockget -n command must be run
first to gather the information.
-i specifies an inode number to be printed. If no -i
options are given then all inodes are printed.
-s specifies that only setuid and setgid files are
printed.
p See the print command.
path dir_path
Walk the directory tree to an inode using the supplied
path. Absolute and relative paths are supported.
pop Pop location from the stack.
print [field-expression] ...
Print field values. If no argument is given, print all
fields in the current structure.
push [command]
Push location to the stack. If command is supplied, set
the current location to the results of command after
pushing the old location.
q See the quit command.
quit Exit xfs_db.
ring [index]
Show position ring (if no index argument is given), or
move to a specific entry in the position ring given by
index.
sb [agno]
Set current address to SB header in allocation group agno.
If no agno is given, use the current allocation group
number.
source source-file
Process commands from source-file. source commands can be
nested.
stack View the location stack.
type [type]
Set the current data type to type. If no argument is
given, show the current data type. The possible data
types are: agf, agfl, agi, attr, bmapbta, bmapbtd, bnobt,
cntbt, data, dir, dir2, dqblk, inobt, inode, log,
refcntbt, rmapbt, rtbitmap, rtsummary, sb, symlink and
text. See the TYPES section below for more information on
these data types.
timelimit [OPTIONS]
Print the minimum and maximum supported values for inode
timestamps, quota expiration timers, and quota grace
periods supported by this filesystem. Options include:
--bigtime
Print the time limits of an XFS filesystem with the
bigtime feature enabled.
--classic
Print the time limits of a classic XFS filesystem.
--compact
Print all limits as raw values on a single line.
--pretty
Print the timestamps in the current locale's date
and time format instead of raw seconds since the
Unix epoch.
uuid [uuid | generate | rewrite | restore]
Set the filesystem universally unique identifier (UUID).
The filesystem UUID can be used by mount(8) instead of
using a device special file. The uuid can be set directly
to the desired UUID, or it can be automatically generated
using the generate option. These options will both write
the UUID into every copy of the superblock in the
filesystem. On a CRC-enabled filesystem, this will set an
incompatible superblock flag, and the filesystem will not
be mountable with older kernels. This can be reverted
with the restore option, which will copy the original UUID
back into place and clear the incompatible flag as needed.
rewrite copies the current UUID from the primary
superblock to all secondary copies of the superblock. If
no argument is given, the current filesystem UUID is
printed.
version [feature | versionnum features2]
Enable selected features for a filesystem (certain
features can be enabled on an unmounted filesystem, after
mkfs.xfs(8) has created the filesystem). Support for
unwritten extents can be enabled using the extflg option.
Support for version 2 log format can be enabled using the
log2 option. Support for extended attributes can be
enabled using the attr1 or attr2 option. Once enabled,
extended attributes cannot be disabled, but the user may
toggle between attr1 and attr2 at will (older kernels may
not support the newer version).
If no argument is given, the current version and feature
bits are printed. With one argument, this command will
write the updated version number into every copy of the
superblock in the filesystem. If two arguments are given,
they will be used as numeric values for the versionnum and
features2 bits respectively, and their string equivalent
reported (but no modifications are made).
write [-c|-d] [field value] ...
Write a value to disk. Specific fields can be set in
structures (struct mode), or a block can be set to data
values (data mode), or a block can be set to string values
(string mode, for symlink blocks). The operation happens
immediately: there is no buffering.
Struct mode is in effect when the current type is
structural, i.e. not data. For struct mode, the syntax is
"write field value".
Data mode is in effect when the current type is data. In
this case the contents of the block can be shifted or
rotated left or right, or filled with a sequence, a
constant value, or a random value. In this mode write with
no arguments gives more information on the allowed
commands.
-c Skip write verifiers and CRC recalculation; allows
invalid data to be written to disk.
-d Skip write verifiers but perform CRC recalculation.
This allows invalid data to be written to disk to
test detection of invalid data. (This is not
possible for some types.)
This section gives the fields in each structure type and their
meanings. Note that some types of block cover multiple actual
structures, for instance directory blocks.
agf The AGF block is the header for block allocation
information; it is in the second 512-byte block of each
allocation group. The following fields are defined:
magicnum
AGF block magic number, 0x58414746 ('XAGF').
versionnum
version number, currently 1.
seqno sequence number starting from 0.
length size in filesystem blocks of the allocation
group. All allocation groups except the last
one of the filesystem have the superblock's
agblocks value here.
bnoroot
block number of the root of the Btree
holding free space information sorted by
block number.
cntroot
block number of the root of the Btree
holding free space information sorted by
block count.
bnolevel
number of levels in the by-block-number
Btree.
cntlevel
number of levels in the by-block-count
Btree.
flfirst
index into the AGFL block of the first
active entry.
fllast index into the AGFL block of the last active
entry.
flcount
count of active entries in the AGFL block.
freeblks
count of blocks represented in the freespace
Btrees.
longest
longest free space represented in the
freespace Btrees.
btreeblks
number of blocks held in the AGF Btrees.
agfl The AGFL block contains block numbers for use of the block
allocator; it is in the fourth 512-byte block of each
allocation group. Each entry in the active list is a
block number within the allocation group that can be used
for any purpose if space runs low. The AGF block fields
flfirst, fllast, and flcount designate which entries are
currently active. Entry space is allocated in a circular
manner within the AGFL block. Fields defined:
bno array of all block numbers. Even those which
are not active are printed.
agi The AGI block is the header for inode allocation
information; it is in the third 512-byte block of each
allocation group. Fields defined:
magicnum
AGI block magic number, 0x58414749 ('XAGI').
versionnum
version number, currently 1.
seqno sequence number starting from 0.
length size in filesystem blocks of the allocation
group.
count count of inodes allocated.
root block number of the root of the Btree
holding inode allocation information.
level number of levels in the inode allocation
Btree.
freecount
count of allocated inodes that are not in
use.
newino last inode number allocated.
dirino unused.
unlinked
an array of inode numbers within the
allocation group. The entries in the AGI
block are the heads of lists which run
through the inode next_unlinked field. These
inodes are to be unlinked the next time the
filesystem is mounted.
attr An attribute fork is organized as a Btree with the actual
data embedded in the leaf blocks. The root of the Btree is
found in block 0 of the fork. The index (sort order) of
the Btree is the hash value of the attribute name. All
the blocks contain a blkinfo structure at the beginning,
see type dir for a description. Nonleaf blocks are
identical in format to those for version 1 and version 2
directories, see type dir for a description. Leaf blocks
can refer to "local" or "remote" attribute values. Local
values are stored directly in the leaf block. Leaf blocks
contain the following fields:
hdr header containing a blkinfo structure info
(magic number 0xfbee), a count of active
entries, usedbytes total bytes of names and
values, the firstused byte in the name area,
holes set if the block needs compaction, and
array freemap as for dir leaf blocks.
entries
array of structures containing a hashval,
nameidx (index into the block of the name),
and flags incomplete, root, and local.
nvlist array of structures describing the attribute
names and values. Fields always present:
valuelen (length of value in bytes),
namelen, and name. Fields present for local
values: value (value string). Fields present
for remote values: valueblk (fork block
number of containing the value).
Remote values are stored in an independent block in the
attribute fork. Prior to v5, value blocks had no
structure, but in v5 they acquired a header structure with
the following fields:
magic attr3 remote block magic number, 0x5841524d
('XARM').
offset Byte offset of this data block within the
overall attribute value.
bytes Number of bytes stored in this block.
crc Checksum of the attribute block contents.
uuid Filesystem UUID.
owner Inode that owns this attribute value.
bno Block offset of this block within the
inode's attribute fork.
lsn Log serial number of the last time this
block was logged.
data The attribute value data.
bmapbt Files with many extents in their data or attribute fork
will have the extents described by the contents of a Btree
for that fork, instead of being stored directly in the
inode. Each bmap Btree starts with a root block contained
within the inode. The other levels of the Btree are
stored in filesystem blocks. The blocks are linked to
sibling left and right blocks at each level, as well as by
pointers from parent to child blocks. Each block contains
the following fields:
magic bmap Btree block magic number, 0x424d4150
('BMAP').
level level of this block above the leaf level.
numrecs
number of records or keys in the block.
leftsib
left (logically lower) sibling block, 0 if
none.
rightsib
right (logically higher) sibling block, 0 if
none.
recs [leaf blocks only] array of extent records.
Each record contains startoff, startblock,
blockcount, and extentflag (1 if the extent
is unwritten).
keys [non-leaf blocks only] array of key records.
These are the first key value of each block
in the level below this one. Each record
contains startoff.
ptrs [non-leaf blocks only] array of child block
pointers. Each pointer is a filesystem
block number to the next level in the Btree.
bnobt There is one set of filesystem blocks forming the by-
block-number allocation Btree for each allocation group.
The root block of this Btree is designated by the bnoroot
field in the corresponding AGF block. The blocks are
linked to sibling left and right blocks at each level, as
well as by pointers from parent to child blocks. Each
block has the following fields:
magic BNOBT block magic number, 0x41425442
('ABTB').
level level number of this block, 0 is a leaf.
numrecs
number of data entries in the block.
leftsib
left (logically lower) sibling block, 0 if
none.
rightsib
right (logically higher) sibling block, 0 if
none.
recs [leaf blocks only] array of freespace
records. Each record contains startblock and
blockcount.
keys [non-leaf blocks only] array of key records.
These are the first value of each block in
the level below this one. Each record
contains startblock and blockcount.
ptrs [non-leaf blocks only] array of child block
pointers. Each pointer is a block number
within the allocation group to the next
level in the Btree.
cntbt There is one set of filesystem blocks forming the by-
block-count allocation Btree for each allocation group.
The root block of this Btree is designated by the cntroot
field in the corresponding AGF block. The blocks are
linked to sibling left and right blocks at each level, as
well as by pointers from parent to child blocks. Each
block has the following fields:
magic CNTBT block magic number, 0x41425443
('ABTC').
level level number of this block, 0 is a leaf.
numrecs
number of data entries in the block.
leftsib
left (logically lower) sibling block, 0 if
none.
rightsib
right (logically higher) sibling block, 0 if
none.
recs [leaf blocks only] array of freespace
records. Each record contains startblock and
blockcount.
keys [non-leaf blocks only] array of key records.
These are the first value of each block in
the level below this one. Each record
contains blockcount and startblock.
ptrs [non-leaf blocks only] array of child block
pointers. Each pointer is a block number
within the allocation group to the next
level in the Btree.
data User file blocks, and other blocks whose type is unknown,
have this type for display purposes in xfs_db. The block
data is displayed in hexadecimal format.
dir A version 1 directory is organized as a Btree with the
directory data embedded in the leaf blocks. The root of
the Btree is found in block 0 of the file. The index (sort
order) of the Btree is the hash value of the entry name.
All the blocks contain a blkinfo structure at the
beginning with the following fields:
forw next sibling block.
back previous sibling block.
magic magic number for this block type.
The non-leaf (node) blocks have the following fields:
hdr header containing a blkinfo structure info
(magic number 0xfebe), the count of active
entries, and the level of this block above
the leaves.
btree array of entries containing hashval and
before fields. The before value is a block
number within the directory file to the
child block, the hashval is the last hash
value in that block.
The leaf blocks have the following fields:
hdr header containing a blkinfo structure info
(magic number 0xfeeb), the count of active
entries, namebytes (total name string
bytes), holes flag (block needs compaction),
and freemap (array of base, size entries for
free regions).
entries
array of structures containing hashval,
nameidx (byte index into the block of the
name string), and namelen.
namelist
array of structures containing inumber and
name.
dir2 A version 2 directory has four kinds of blocks. Data
blocks start at offset 0 in the file. There are two kinds
of data blocks: single-block directories have the leaf
information embedded at the end of the block, data blocks
in multi-block directories do not. Node and leaf blocks
start at offset 32GiB (with either a single leaf block or
the root node block). Freespace blocks start at offset
64GiB. The node and leaf blocks form a Btree, with
references to the data in the data blocks. The freespace
blocks form an index of longest free spaces within the
data blocks.
A single-block directory block contains the following
fields:
bhdr header containing magic number 0x58443242
('XD2B') and an array bestfree of the
longest 3 free spaces in the block (offset,
length).
bu array of union structures. Each element is
either an entry or a freespace. For
entries, there are the following fields:
inumber, namelen, name, and tag. For
freespace, there are the following fields:
freetag (0xffff), length, and tag. The tag
value is the byte offset in the block of the
start of the entry it is contained in.
bleaf array of leaf entries containing hashval and
address. The address is a 64-bit word
offset into the file.
btail tail structure containing the total count of
leaf entries and stale count of unused leaf
entries.
A data block contains the following fields:
dhdr header containing magic number 0x58443244
('XD2D') and an array bestfree of the
longest 3 free spaces in the block (offset,
length).
du array of union structures as for bu.
Leaf blocks have two possible forms. If the Btree consists
of a single leaf then the freespace information is in the
leaf block, otherwise it is in separate blocks and the
root of the Btree is a node block. A leaf block contains
the following fields:
lhdr header containing a blkinfo structure info
(magic number 0xd2f1 for the single leaf
case, 0xd2ff for the true Btree case), the
total count of leaf entries, and stale count
of unused leaf entries.
lents leaf entries, as for bleaf.
lbests [single leaf only] array of values which
represent the longest freespace in each data
block in the directory.
ltail [single leaf only] tail structure containing
bestcount count of lbests.
A node block is identical to that for types attr and dir.
A freespace block contains the following fields:
fhdr header containing magic number 0x58443246
('XD2F'), firstdb first data block number
covered by this freespace block, nvalid
number of valid entries, and nused number of
entries representing real data blocks.
fbests array of values as for lbests.
dqblk The quota information is stored in files referred to by
the superblock uquotino and pquotino fields. Each
filesystem block in a quota file contains a constant
number of quota entries. The quota entry size is currently
136 bytes, so with a 4KiB filesystem block size there are
30 quota entries per block. The dquot command is used to
locate these entries in the filesystem. The file entries
are indexed by the user or project identifier to determine
the block and offset. Each quota entry has the following
fields:
magic magic number, 0x4451 ('DQ').
version
version number, currently 1.
flags flags, values include 0x01 for user quota,
0x02 for project quota.
id user or project identifier.
blk_hardlimit
absolute limit on blocks in use.
blk_softlimit
preferred limit on blocks in use.
ino_hardlimit
absolute limit on inodes in use.
ino_softlimit
preferred limit on inodes in use.
bcount blocks actually in use.
icount inodes actually in use.
itimer time when service will be refused if soft
limit is violated for inodes.
btimer time when service will be refused if soft
limit is violated for blocks.
iwarns number of warnings issued about inode limit
violations.
bwarns number of warnings issued about block limit
violations.
rtb_hardlimit
absolute limit on realtime blocks in use.
rtb_softlimit
preferred limit on realtime blocks in use.
rtbcount
realtime blocks actually in use.
rtbtimer
time when service will be refused if soft
limit is violated for realtime blocks.
rtbwarns
number of warnings issued about realtime
block limit violations.
inobt There is one set of filesystem blocks forming the inode
allocation Btree for each allocation group. The root block
of this Btree is designated by the root field in the
corresponding AGI block. The blocks are linked to sibling
left and right blocks at each level, as well as by
pointers from parent to child blocks. Each block has the
following fields:
magic INOBT block magic number, 0x49414254
('IABT').
level level number of this block, 0 is a leaf.
numrecs
number of data entries in the block.
leftsib
left (logically lower) sibling block, 0 if
none.
rightsib
right (logically higher) sibling block, 0 if
none.
recs [leaf blocks only] array of inode records.
Each record contains startino allocation-
group relative inode number, freecount count
of free inodes in this chunk, and free
bitmap, LSB corresponds to inode 0.
keys [non-leaf blocks only] array of key records.
These are the first value of each block in
the level below this one. Each record
contains startino.
ptrs [non-leaf blocks only] array of child block
pointers. Each pointer is a block number
within the allocation group to the next
level in the Btree.
inode Inodes are allocated in "chunks" of 64 inodes each.
Usually a chunk is multiple filesystem blocks, although
there are cases with large filesystem blocks where a chunk
is less than one block. The inode Btree (see inobt above)
refers to the inode numbers per allocation group. The
inode numbers directly reflect the location of the inode
block on disk. Use the inode command to point xfs_db to a
specific inode. Each inode contains four regions: core,
next_unlinked, u, and a. core contains the fixed
information. next_unlinked is separated from the core due
to journaling considerations, see type agi field unlinked.
u is a union structure that is different in size and
format depending on the type and representation of the
file data ("data fork"). a is an optional union structure
to describe attribute data, that is different in size,
format, and location depending on the presence and
representation of attribute data, and the size of the u
data ("attribute fork"). xfs_db automatically selects the
proper union members based on information in the inode.
The following are fields in the inode core:
magic inode magic number, 0x494e ('IN').
mode mode and type of file, as described in
chmod(2), mknod(2), and stat(2).
version
inode version, 1 or 2.
format format of u union data (0: xfs_dev_t, 1:
local file - in-inode directory or symlink,
2: extent list, 3: Btree root, 4: unique id
[unused]).
nlinkv1
number of links to the file in a version 1
inode.
nlinkv2
number of links to the file in a version 2
inode.
projid_lo
owner's project id (low word; version 2
inode only). projid_hi owner's project id
(high word; version 2 inode only).
uid owner's user id.
gid owner's group id.
atime time last accessed (seconds and
nanoseconds).
mtime time last modified.
ctime time created or inode last modified.
size number of bytes in the file.
nblocks
total number of blocks in the file including
indirect and attribute.
extsize
basic/minimum extent size for the file.
nextents
number of extents in the data fork.
naextents
number of extents in the attribute fork.
forkoff
attribute fork offset in the inode, in
64-bit words from the start of u.
aformat
format of a data (1: local attribute data,
2: extent list, 3: Btree root).
dmevmask
DMAPI event mask.
dmstate
DMAPI state information.
newrtbm
file is the realtime bitmap and is "new"
format.
prealloc
file has preallocated data space after EOF.
realtime
file data is in the realtime subvolume.
gen inode generation number.
The following fields are in the u data fork union:
bmbt bmap Btree root. This looks like a bmapbtd
block with redundant information removed.
bmx array of extent descriptors.
dev dev_t for the block or character device.
sfdir shortform (in-inode) version 1 directory.
This consists of a hdr containing the parent
inode number and a count of active entries
in the directory, followed by an array list
of hdr.count entries. Each such entry
contains inumber, namelen, and name string.
sfdir2 shortform (in-inode) version 2 directory.
This consists of a hdr containing a count of
active entries in the directory, an i8count
of entries with inumbers that don't fit in a
32-bit value, and the parent inode number,
followed by an array list of hdr.count
entries. Each such entry contains namelen, a
saved offset used when the directory is
converted to a larger form, a name string,
and the inumber.
symlink
symbolic link string value.
The following fields are in the a attribute fork union if
it exists:
bmbt bmap Btree root, as above.
bmx array of extent descriptors.
sfattr shortform (in-inode) attribute values. This
consists of a hdr containing a totsize
(total size in bytes) and a count of active
entries, followed by an array list of
hdr.count entries. Each such entry contains
namelen, valuelen, root flag, name, and
value.
log Log blocks contain the journal entries for XFS. It's not
useful to examine these with xfs_db, use xfs_logprint(8)
instead.
refcntbt
There is one set of filesystem blocks forming the
reference count Btree for each allocation group. The root
block of this Btree is designated by the refcntroot field
in the corresponding AGF block. The blocks are linked to
sibling left and right blocks at each level, as well as by
pointers from parent to child blocks. Each block has the
following fields:
magic REFC block magic number, 0x52334643
('R3FC').
level level number of this block, 0 is a leaf.
numrecs
number of data entries in the block.
leftsib
left (logically lower) sibling block, 0 if
none.
rightsib
right (logically higher) sibling block, 0 if
none.
recs [leaf blocks only] array of reference count
records. Each record contains startblock,
blockcount, and refcount.
keys [non-leaf blocks only] array of key records.
These are the first value of each block in
the level below this one. Each record
contains startblock.
ptrs [non-leaf blocks only] array of child block
pointers. Each pointer is a block number
within the allocation group to the next
level in the Btree.
rmapbt There is one set of filesystem blocks forming the reverse
mapping Btree for each allocation group. The root block of
this Btree is designated by the rmaproot field in the
corresponding AGF block. The blocks are linked to sibling
left and right blocks at each level, as well as by
pointers from parent to child blocks. Each block has the
following fields:
magic RMAP block magic number, 0x524d4233
('RMB3').
level level number of this block, 0 is a leaf.
numrecs
number of data entries in the block.
leftsib
left (logically lower) sibling block, 0 if
none.
rightsib
right (logically higher) sibling block, 0 if
none.
recs [leaf blocks only] array of reference count
records. Each record contains startblock,
blockcount, owner, offset, attr_fork,
bmbt_block, and unwritten.
keys [non-leaf blocks only] array of double-key
records. The first ("low") key contains the
first value of each block in the level below
this one. The second ("high") key contains
the largest key that can be used to identify
any record in the subtree. Each record
contains startblock, owner, offset,
attr_fork, and bmbt_block.
ptrs [non-leaf blocks only] array of child block
pointers. Each pointer is a block number
within the allocation group to the next
level in the Btree.
rtbitmap
If the filesystem has a realtime subvolume, then the
rbmino field in the superblock refers to a file that
contains the realtime bitmap. Each bit in the bitmap file
controls the allocation of a single realtime extent (set
== free). The bitmap is processed in 32-bit words, the LSB
of a word is used for the first extent controlled by that
bitmap word. The atime field of the realtime bitmap inode
contains a counter that is used to control where the next
new realtime file will start.
rtsummary
If the filesystem has a realtime subvolume, then the
rsumino field in the superblock refers to a file that
contains the realtime summary data. The summary file
contains a two-dimensional array of 16-bit values. Each
value counts the number of free extent runs (consecutive
free realtime extents) of a given range of sizes that
starts in a given bitmap block. The size ranges are
binary buckets (low size in the bucket is a power of 2).
There are as many size ranges as are necessary given the
size of the realtime subvolume. The first dimension is
the size range, the second dimension is the starting
bitmap block number (adjacent entries are for the same
size, adjacent bitmap blocks).
sb There is one sb (superblock) structure per allocation
group. It is the first disk block in the allocation
group. Only the first one (block 0 of the filesystem) is
actually used; the other blocks are redundant information
for xfs_repair(8) to use if the first superblock is
damaged. Fields defined:
magicnum
superblock magic number, 0x58465342
('XFSB').
blocksize
filesystem block size in bytes.
dblocks
number of filesystem blocks present in the
data subvolume.
rblocks
number of filesystem blocks present in the
realtime subvolume.
rextents
number of realtime extents that rblocks
contain.
uuid unique identifier of the filesystem.
logstart
starting filesystem block number of the log
(journal). If this value is 0 the log is
"external".
rootino
root inode number.
rbmino realtime bitmap inode number.
rsumino
realtime summary data inode number.
rextsize
realtime extent size in filesystem blocks.
agblocks
size of an allocation group in filesystem
blocks.
agcount
number of allocation groups.
rbmblocks
number of realtime bitmap blocks.
logblocks
number of log blocks (filesystem blocks).
versionnum
filesystem version information. This value
is currently 1, 2, 3, or 4 in the low 4
bits. If the low bits are 4 then the other
bits have additional meanings. 1 is the
original value. 2 means that attributes
were used. 3 means that version 2 inodes
(large link counts) were used. 4 is the
bitmask version of the version number. In
this case, the other bits are used as flags
(0x0010: attributes were used, 0x0020:
version 2 inodes were used, 0x0040: quotas
were used, 0x0080: inode cluster alignment
is in force, 0x0100: data stripe alignment
is in force, 0x0200: the shared_vn field is
used, 0x1000: unwritten extent tracking is
on, 0x2000: version 2 directories are in
use).
sectsize
sector size in bytes, currently always 512.
This is the size of the superblock and the
other header blocks.
inodesize
inode size in bytes.
inopblock
number of inodes per filesystem block.
fname obsolete, filesystem name.
fpack obsolete, filesystem pack name.
blocklog
log2 of blocksize.
sectlog
log2 of sectsize.
inodelog
log2 of inodesize.
inopblog
log2 of inopblock.
agblklog
log2 of agblocks (rounded up).
rextslog
log2 of rextents.
inprogress
mkfs.xfs(8) or xfs_copy(8) aborted before
completing this filesystem.
imax_pct
maximum percentage of filesystem space used
for inode blocks.
icount number of allocated inodes.
ifree number of allocated inodes that are not in
use.
fdblocks
number of free data blocks.
frextents
number of free realtime extents.
uquotino
user quota inode number.
pquotino
project quota inode number; this is
currently unused.
qflags quota status flags (0x01: user quota
accounting is on, 0x02: user quota limits
are enforced, 0x04: quotacheck has been run
on user quotas, 0x08: project quota
accounting is on, 0x10: project quota limits
are enforced, 0x20: quotacheck has been run
on project quotas).
flags random flags. 0x01: only read-only mounts
are allowed.
shared_vn
shared version number (shared readonly
filesystems).
inoalignmt
inode chunk alignment in filesystem blocks.
unit stripe or RAID unit.
width stripe or RAID width.
dirblklog
log2 of directory block size (filesystem
blocks).
symlink
Symbolic link blocks are used only when the symbolic link
value does not fit inside the inode. The block content is
just the string value. Bytes past the logical end of the
symbolic link value have arbitrary values.
text User file blocks, and other blocks whose type is unknown,
have this type for display purposes in xfs_db. The block
data is displayed in two columns: Hexadecimal format and
printable ASCII chars.
Many messages can come from the check (blockget) command. If the
filesystem is completely corrupt, a core dump might be produced
instead of the message
device is not a valid filesystem
If the filesystem is very large (has many files) then check might
run out of memory. In this case the message
out of memory
is printed.
The following is a description of the most likely problems and
the associated messages. Most of the diagnostics produced are
only meaningful with an understanding of the structure of the
filesystem.
agf_freeblks n, counted m in ag a
The freeblocks count in the allocation group header for
allocation group a doesn't match the number of blocks
counted free.
agf_longest n, counted m in ag a
The longest free extent in the allocation group header for
allocation group a doesn't match the longest free extent
found in the allocation group.
agi_count n, counted m in ag a
The allocated inode count in the allocation group header
for allocation group a doesn't match the number of inodes
counted in the allocation group.
agi_freecount n, counted m in ag a
The free inode count in the allocation group header for
allocation group a doesn't match the number of inodes
counted free in the allocation group.
block a/b expected inum 0 got i
The block number is specified as a pair (allocation group
number, block in the allocation group). The block is used
multiple times (shared), between multiple inodes. This
message usually follows a message of the next type.
block a/b expected type unknown got y
The block is used multiple times (shared).
block a/b type unknown not expected
mkfs.xfs(8), xfs_admin(8), xfs_copy(8), xfs_logprint(8),
xfs_metadump(8), xfs_ncheck(8), xfs_repair(8), mount(8),
chmod(2), mknod(2), stat(2), xfs(5).
This page is part of the xfsprogs (utilities for XFS filesystems)
project. Information about the project can be found at
⟨http://xfs.org/⟩. If you have a bug report for this manual page,
send it to linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org. This page was obtained
from the project's upstream Git repository
⟨https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git⟩ on
2024-06-14. (At that time, the date of the most recent commit
that was found in the repository was 2024-05-17.) If you
discover any rendering problems in this HTML version of the page,
or you believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for
the page, or you have corrections or improvements to the
information in this COLOPHON (which is not part of the original
manual page), send a mail to man-pages@man7.org
xfs_db(8)
Pages that refer to this page: xfs_admin(8), xfs_io(8), xfs_metadump(8), xfs_ncheck(8)
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