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HTML rendering created 2026-01-16 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
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Name | Synopsis | Description | Macros | Section heading links | Limitations of grohtml | Files | Authors | See also | COLOPHON |
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groff_www(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual groff_www(7)
groff_www - GNU roff macros for authoring web pages
groff -m www [option ...] [file ...]
This manual page describes the GNU www macro package, which is
part of the groff(7) document formatting system. This macro file
is automatically loaded by the default troffrc file when the
formatter (usually groff(1)) is called with either of the options
-Thtml or -Txhtml. To see hyperlinks in action, format this man
page using one of those options.
This document is a basic guide; the HTML output driver (grohtml)
remains in an alpha state. It has been included with the
distribution to encourage testing.
Here is a summary of the functions found in this macro set.
.JOBNAME split output into multiple files
.HX automatic heading level cut off
.BCL specify colours on a web page
.BGIMG specify background image
.URL create a URL using two parameters
.FTP create an FTP reference
.MTO create an HTML email address
.TAG generate an HTML name
.IMG include an image file
.PIMG include PNG image
.MPIMG place PNG on the margin and wrap text around it
.HnS begin heading
.HnE end heading
.LK emit automatically collected links.
.HR produce a horizontal rule
.NHR suppress automatic generation of rules.
.HTL only generate HTML title
.HEAD add data to <head> block
.ULS unorder list begin
.ULE unorder list end
.OLS ordered list begin
.OLE ordered list end
.DLS definition list begin
.DLE definition list end
.LI insert a list item
.DC generate a drop capital
.HTML pass an HTML raw request to the device driver
.CDS code example begin
.CDE code example end
.ALN place links on left of main text.
.LNS start a new two-column table with links in the left.
.LNE end the two-column table.
.LINKSTYLE initialize default URL attributes.
.JOBNAME filename
Split output into multiple HTML files. A file is split
whenever a .SH or .NH 1 is encountered. Its argument is
the file stem name for future output files. This option is
equivalent to grohtml's -j option.
.HX n Specify the cut off depth when generating links from
section headings. For example, a parameter of 2 would
cause grohtml to generate a list of links for .NH 1 and
.NH 2 but not for .NH 3. Whereas
.HX 0
tells grohtml that no heading links should be created at
all. Another method for turning automatic headings off is
by issuing the command-line switch -P-l to groff.
.BCL foreground background active not-visited visited
This macro takes five parameters: foreground, background,
active hypertext link, hypertext link not yet visited, and
visited hypertext link colour.
.BGIMG imagefile
the only parameter to this macro is the background image
file.
.URL url [description] [after]
generates a URL using either one, two, or three arguments.
The first parameter is the actual URL, the second is the
name of the link, and the third is optional stuff to be
printed immediately afterwards. If description and after
are absent then the URL becomes the anchor text.
Hyphenation is disabled while printing the actual URL;
explicit breakpoints should be inserted with the \: escape
sequence. Here is how to encode foo ⟨http://foo.org/⟩:
.URL http://\:foo\:.org/ foo :
If this is processed by a device other than -Thtml or
-Txhtml it appears as:
foo ⟨http://foo.org⟩:
The URL macro can be of any type; for example, we can
reference Eric Raymond's pic guide ⟨pic.html⟩ by:
.URL pic\:.html "Eric Raymond's pic guide"
.MTO address [description] [after]
Generate an email HTML reference. The first argument is
mandatory as the email address. The optional second
argument is the text you see in your browser. If an empty
argument is given, address is used instead. An optional
third argument is stuff printed immediately afterwards.
Hyphenation is disabled while printing the actual email
address. For example, Joe User ⟨joe@user.org⟩ can be
achieved by the following macro:
.MTO joe@user.org "Joe User"
All URLs currently are treated as consuming no textual
space in groff. This could be considered as a bug since it
causes some problems. To circumvent this, www.tmac inserts
a zero-width character which expands to a harmless space
(only if run with -Thtml or -Txhtml).
.FTP url [description] [after]
indicates that data can be obtained via FTP. The first
argument is the URL and the second is the browser text. A
third argument, similar to the macros above, is intended
for stuff printed immediately afterwards. The second and
the third parameter are optional. Hyphenation is disabled
while printing the actual URL. As an example, here is the
location of the GNU FTP server ⟨ftp://ftp.gnu.org/⟩. The
macro example above can be specified as:
.FTP ftp://\:ftp\:.gnu\:.org/ "GNU FTP server" .
.TAG name
Generates an HTML name tag from its argument. This can
then be referenced using the URL ⟨#URL⟩ macro. As you can
see, you must precede the tag name with # since it is a
local reference. This link was achieved via placing a TAG
in the URL description above; the source looks like this:
.TP
.B URL
generates
.TAG URL
a URL using either two or three arguments.
...
.IMG [-R|-L|-C] filename [width] [height]
Include a picture into the document. The first argument is
the horizontal location: right, left, or center (-R, -L, or
-C). Alignment is centered by default (-C). The second
argument is the filename. The optional third and fourth
arguments are the width and height. If the width is absent
it defaults to 1 inch. If the height is absent it defaults
to the width. This maps onto an HTML img tag. If you are
including a PNG image then it is advisable to use the PIMG
macro.
.PIMG [-R|-L|-C] filename [width [height]]
Include an image in PNG format. This macro takes exactly
the same parameters as the IMG macro; it has the advantage
of working with PostScript and HTML devices also since it
can automatically convert the image into the EPS format,
using the following programs of the netpbm package:
pngtopnm, pnmcrop, and pnmtops. If the document isn't
processed with -Thtml or -Txhtml it is necessary to use the
-U option of groff.
.MPIMG [-R|-L] [-G gap] filename [width [height]]
Place a PNG image on the margin and wrap text around it.
The first parameters are optional. The alignment: left or
right (-L or -R) specifies the margin where the picture is
placed at. The default alignment is left (-L).
Optionally, -G gap can be used to arrange a gap between the
picture and the text that wraps around it. The default gap
width is zero.
The first non-optional argument is the filename. The
optional following arguments are the width and height. If
the width is absent it defaults to 1 inch. If the height
is absent it defaults to the width. Example:
.MPIMG -L -G 2c foo.png 3c 1.5c
The height and width may also be given as percentages. The
PostScript device calculates the width from the .l register
and the height from the .p register. For example:
.MPIMG -L -G 2c foo.png 15%
.HnS n Begin heading. The numeric heading level n is specified by
the first parameter. Use this macro if your headings
contain URL, FTP or MTO macros. Example:
.HnS 1
.HR
GNU Troff
.URL https://\:www\:.gnu\:.org/\:software/\:groff/
\[em]a
.URL http://www\:.gnu\:.org/ GNU
project.
.HR
.HnE
In this case you might wish to disable automatic links to
headings. This can be done via -P-l from the command line.
.HnE End heading.
.LK Force grohtml to place the automatically generated links at
this position.
.HR Generate a full-width horizontal rule for -Thtml and
-Txhtml. No effect for all other devices.
.NHR Suppress generation of the top and bottom rules which
grohtml emits by default.
.HTL Generate an HTML title only. This differs from the TL
macro of the ms macro package which generates both an HTML
title and an <H1> heading. Use it to provide an HTML title
as search engine fodder but a graphic title in the
document. The macro terminates when a space or break is
seen (.sp, .br).
.HEAD Add arbitrary HTML data to the <head> block. Ignored if
not processed with -Thtml or -Txhtml. Example:
.HEAD "<link \
rel=""icon"" \
type=""image/png"" \
href=""http://foo.org//bar.png""/>"
.HTML All text after this macro is treated as raw HTML. If the
document is processed without -Thtml or -Txhtml then the
macro is ignored. Internally, this macro is used as a
building block for other higher-level macros.
For example, the BGIMG macro is defined as
.de BGIMG
. HTML <body background=\\$1>
..
.DC l text [color]
Produce a drop capital. The first parameter is the letter
to be dropped and enlarged, the second parameter text is
the adjoining text whose height the first letter should not
exceed. The optional third parameter is the color of the
dropped letter. It defaults to black.
.CDS Start displaying a code section in constant width font.
.CDE End code display
.ALN [color] [percentage]
Place section heading links automatically to the left of
the main text. The color argument is optional and if
present indicates which HTML background color is to be used
under the links. The optional percentage indicates the
amount of width to devote to displaying the links. The
default values are #eeeeee and 30 for color and percentage
width, respectively. This macro should only be called once
at the beginning of the document. After calling this macro
each section heading emits an HTML table consisting of the
links in the left and the section text on the right.
.LNS Start a new two-column table with links in the left column.
This can be called if the document has text before the
first .SH and if .ALN is used. Typically this is called
just before the first paragraph and after the main title as
it indicates that text after this point should be
positioned to the right of the left-hand navigational
links.
.LNE End a two-column table. This should be called at the end
of the document if .ALN was used.
.LINKSTYLE color [ fontstyle [ openglyph closeglyph ] ]
Initialize default URL attributes to be used if this macro
set is not used with the HTML device. The macro set
initializes itself with the following call
.LINKSTYLE blue CR \[la] \[ra]
but these values will be superseded by a user call to
LINKSTYLE.
By default grohtml generates links to all section headings and
places these at the top of the HTML document. (See LINKS ⟨#LK⟩
for details of how to switch this off or alter the position).
tbl(1) tables are rendered as PNG images. Paul DuBois's approach
with tblcvt(1), part of the troffcvt distribution
⟨http://www.snake.net/software/troffcvt/⟩, should be explored.
/usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/www.tmac
The www macro package was written by Gaius Mulley ⟨gaius@glam.ac
.uk⟩, with additions by Werner Lemberg ⟨wl@gnu.org⟩ and Bernd
Warken ⟨groff-bernd.warken-72@web.de⟩.
groff(1), troff(1), grohtml(1), netpbm(1)
This page is part of the groff (GNU troff) project. Information
about the project can be found at
⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩. If you have a bug report for
this manual page, see ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩. This
page was obtained from the tarball groff-1.23.0.tar.gz fetched
from ⟨https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/⟩ on 2026-01-16. If you
discover any rendering problems in this HTML version of the page,
or you believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for the
page, or you have corrections or improvements to the information
in this COLOPHON (which is not part of the original manual page),
send a mail to man-pages@man7.org
groff 1.23.0 2 July 2023 groff_www(7)
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HTML rendering created 2026-01-16 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
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